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Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Crisaborole Impurity 42 Crisaborole Impurity 42
2,3-DICHLOROPYRIDINE-5-CARBONYL CHLORIDE 2,3-DICHLOROPYRIDINE-5-CARBONYL CHLORIDE 54127-29-6 C6H2Cl3NO
Olodaterol Impurity 22 Olodaterol Impurity 22
Olodaterol Impurity 25 Olodaterol Impurity 25
Cationic panthenol Cationic panthenol
11-(3-(dimethylamino)propylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine-2-carbaldehyde 11-(3-(dimethylamino)propylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine-2-carbaldehyde 2519517-78-1 C20H22ClNO2
32,43,50-Tricarboxy-cyanoco balamin 32,43,50-Tricarboxy-cyanoco balamin
(S)-Azelastine (S)-Azelastine 143228-85-7 C22H24ClN3O
	Relugolix Impurity 92 Relugolix Impurity 92
N-Desethyl Vardenafil N-Desethyl Vardenafil 448184-46-1 C21H28N6O4S
O-Desmethyl Gefitinib O-Desmethyl Gefitinib 847949-49-9 C21H22ClFN4O3
Pyrazole N-Demethyl Sildenafil Pyrazole N-Demethyl Sildenafil 139755-95-6 C21H28N6O4S
S-(-)-Tolterodine S-(-)-Tolterodine 124937-53-7 C22H31NO
Zolmitriptan N-Oxide Zolmitriptan N-Oxide 251451-30-6 C16H21N3O3
3-(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one 3-(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one
Ganciclovir EP Impurity Ganciclovir EP Impurity
Crisaborole Impurity 15 Crisaborole Impurity 15
Latamoxef impurity A Latamoxef impurity A
TRANS-4-AMINOCROTONIC ACID TRANS-4-AMINOCROTONIC ACID 38090-53-8 C4H7NO2
Avatrombopag Impurity 23 Avatrombopag Impurity 23
Avatrombopag Impurity 34 Avatrombopag Impurity 34
Cisatracurium besylate impurity11 Cisatracurium besylate impurity11
(3R,5S,E)-tert-butyl 7-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(N-methyl methylsulfonamido)pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoate (3R,5S,E)-tert-butyl 7-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(N-methyl methylsulfonamido)pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoate
Acetamide, N-?[4-?[5-?(acetylamino)?-?2-?hydroxyphenoxy]?phenyl]?- Acetamide, N-?[4-?[5-?(acetylamino)?-?2-?hydroxyphenoxy]?phenyl]?- 2575516-61-7 C16H16N2O4
5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-bis-[2-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-ethylamino]-2,3-dihydro-anthraquinone 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-bis-[2-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-ethylamino]-2,3-dihydro-anthraquinone 70476-74-3 C22H30N4O6
(E)-methyl 3-(((4-(N-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamido)phenyl)amino)(phenyl)methylene)-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate (E)-methyl 3-(((4-(N-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamido)phenyl)amino)(phenyl)methylene)-2-oxoindoline-6-carboxylate
4-Acetyl-2-fluorobiphenyl 4-Acetyl-2-fluorobiphenyl 42771-79-9 C14H11FO
m-xylene-4,alpha,alpha'-triol m-xylene-4,alpha,alpha'-triol 2937-60-2 C8H10O3
Oseltamivir Impurity 107 Oseltamivir Impurity 107
Oseltamivir  Impurity 66 Oseltamivir Impurity 66
Benzonitrile, 2-[(3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)methyl]- Benzonitrile, 2-[(3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)methyl]- 2514763-78-9 C14H13N3O3
Benzonitrile, 2-[(3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)methyl]- Benzonitrile, 2-[(3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)methyl]- 2514763-78-9 C14H13N3O3
5-Thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-[(1E)-2-(4-methyl-5-thiazolyl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-7-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]-, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (6R,7R)- 5-Thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-[(1E)-2-(4-methyl-5-thiazolyl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-7-[(2-phenylacetyl)amino]-, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (6R,7R)- 104146-11-4 C29H27N3O5S2
Dapagliflozin Impurity 46 Dapagliflozin Impurity 46
Brexpiprazole Impurity ABCDEFGHJKL Brexpiprazole Impurity ABCDEFGHJKL
p,p'-(2-pyridylmethylene)bisphenol p,p'-(2-pyridylmethylene)bisphenol 603-41-8 C18H15NO2
Tazobactam Impurity DBT Tazobactam Impurity DBT
diginatin diginatin 52589-12-5 C41H64O15
Thiophene, 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-[(5-iodo-2-methylphenyl)methyl]- Thiophene, 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-[(5-iodo-2-methylphenyl)methyl]- 2436275-33-9 C18H14FIS
3-Chloro Avanafil 3-Chloro Avanafil
Revefenacin Impurity 2 Revefenacin Impurity 2 1158699-78-5 C14H17NO4
(R)-2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethanamine (R)-2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethanamine 58993-79-6 C10H15NO
N-[5-[(1RS)-2-[benzyl[(1RS)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1-methylethyl]amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]-2- hydroxyphenyl]formamide N-[5-[(1RS)-2-[benzyl[(1RS)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1-methylethyl]amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]-2- hydroxyphenyl]formamide 2514947-17-0 C26H30N2O4
Peramivir dehydrated deacetylated impurity Peramivir dehydrated deacetylated impurity
Oseltamivir Impurity 120 Oseltamivir Impurity 120
Cilastatin Impurity H Cilastatin Impurity H
(trans, trans)-3,3'-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl)bis(butane-1,2,4-triol) (trans, trans)-3,3'-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl)bis(butane-1,2,4-triol)
Troxipide Impurity 6 Troxipide Impurity 6
Piperacillin Impurity K Piperacillin Impurity K
2-(6'-oxo-1'-phenyl-1',6'-dihydro-[2,3'-bipyridin]-5'-yl)benzoic acid 2-(6'-oxo-1'-phenyl-1',6'-dihydro-[2,3'-bipyridin]-5'-yl)benzoic acid
3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid, 4-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-[(propoxycarbonyl)amino]-, ethyl ester 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid, 4-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-[(propoxycarbonyl)amino]-, ethyl ester 2591260-03-4 C18H20N2O6S
Pemetrexed disodium Impurity 32 Pemetrexed disodium Impurity 32
Androsta-1,4-diene-17-carboxylic acid, 11,16,17-trihydroxy-3-oxo-, (11β,16α,17α)- Androsta-1,4-diene-17-carboxylic acid, 11,16,17-trihydroxy-3-oxo-, (11β,16α,17α)- 1185143-75-2 C20H26O6
(3R,5R)-7-(1-((3R,5R)-6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhexyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamido)-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (3R,5R)-7-(1-((3R,5R)-6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhexyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamido)-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
CLOPIDOGREL  RELATED  COMPOUND  B (20 MG) (METHYL(+/-)-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-4,5-DIHYDROTHIE-NO[2,3-C]PYRIDINE-6(7H)-ACETATE, HYDROCHLORIDE) CLOPIDOGREL RELATED COMPOUND B (20 MG) (METHYL(+/-)-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-4,5-DIHYDROTHIE-NO[2,3-C]PYRIDINE-6(7H)-ACETATE, HYDROCHLORIDE) 144750-52-7 C16H16ClNO2S.ClH
VERAPAMIL RELATED COMPOUND B (50 MG) (AL-PHA-[2-[[2-(3,4-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-ETHYL]METHYLA-MINO]ETHYL]-3,4-DIMETHOXY-ALPHA-(1-METHY-LETHYL)-BENZENEACETONITRILE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) VERAPAMIL RELATED COMPOUND B (50 MG) (AL-PHA-[2-[[2-(3,4-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-ETHYL]METHYLA-MINO]ETHYL]-3,4-DIMETHOXY-ALPHA-(1-METHY-LETHYL)-BENZENEACETONITRILE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) 1794-55-4 C26H37ClN2O4
Recombinant Endo Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (ENGASE) Recombinant Endo Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (ENGASE)
1-Pentanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)- 1-Pentanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)- 150033-77-5 C12H16O2
3-methyl-2-pentylphenol 3-methyl-2-pentylphenol 1823068-39-8 C12H18O
PLSQ-001 TM4-QJ PLSQ-001 TM4-QJ 1227162-74-4 C18H24N2O2
(2S)-2-(2,5-dioxo-3-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoic acid (2S)-2-(2,5-dioxo-3-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoic acid 2101641-92-1 C11H17NO4
2-Pyridineethanamine, N-methyl-N-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethyl]-, hydrochloride (1:3) 2-Pyridineethanamine, N-methyl-N-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethyl]-, hydrochloride (1:3) 2095467-43-7 C15H20ClN3
(S)-tert-butyl (1-(3-(2-cyanobenzyl) (S)-tert-butyl (1-(3-(2-cyanobenzyl) 1618644-31-7 C23H29N5O4
(S)-tert-butyl (1-(3-(2-cyanobenzyl) (S)-tert-butyl (1-(3-(2-cyanobenzyl) 1618644-31-7 C23H29N5O4
Droxidopa Impurity 4 Droxidopa Impurity 4 55382-14-4 C31H29NO7
RV Salmonella enrichment broth (Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition) RV Salmonella enrichment broth (Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition)
(1r,4r)-4-(5,6-dibromo-2-methylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol (1r,4r)-4-(5,6-dibromo-2-methylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol
Dapagliflozin Impurity (MW:423Da) Dapagliflozin Impurity (MW:423Da)
Ramipril - Isomer Impurity 1 Ramipril - Isomer Impurity 1
Aripiprazole peroxide degradation Impurity (MW:480Da) Aripiprazole peroxide degradation Impurity (MW:480Da)
Fosinopril Sodium Impurity A (Fosinoprilat) Fosinopril Sodium Impurity A (Fosinoprilat)
Dapoxetine Impurity 40 Dapoxetine Impurity 40
Doxofylline Impurity 15 Doxofylline Impurity 15
Atorvastatin Impurity E Intermediate Atorvastatin Impurity E Intermediate
Ceftazidime Double Mother Nucleus Impurity Ceftazidime Double Mother Nucleus Impurity
Cefuroxime Sodium Trans Impurity I,(E)-Cefuroxime Sodium Impurity I Cefuroxime Sodium Trans Impurity I,(E)-Cefuroxime Sodium Impurity I
Faropenem Degradation Impurity B Faropenem Degradation Impurity B
2-chloro-1-(5-isopropoxy-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)propan-1-one 2-chloro-1-(5-isopropoxy-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)propan-1-one
Oxacillin Impurity 1 Oxacillin Impurity 1 36231-30-8 C19H19N3O6S
Brivaracetam Impurity 33 Brivaracetam Impurity 33
Arformoterol Impurity 24 Arformoterol Impurity 24 477552-93-5 C19H24N2O3
Pregabalin Impurity 99 Pregabalin Impurity 99 949890-75-9 C16H23NO4
Roxatidine Impurity 9 Roxatidine Impurity 9 87327-60-4 C4H6O4
Regofenib impurity K Regofenib impurity K
Chlorpheniramine Impurity 4 Chlorpheniramine Impurity 4
Peramivir Impurity 43 Peramivir Impurity 43
N-(4-BROMOBUTYL)-7-(4-BROMOBUTOXY)-QUINOLINE-2(1H)-ONE N-(4-BROMOBUTYL)-7-(4-BROMOBUTOXY)-QUINOLINE-2(1H)-ONE 1076199-56-8 C17H21Br2NO2
7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-1-naphthalenylacetonitrile 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-1-naphthalenylacetonitrile 861960-34-1 C13H13NO
METHYL 2-[(2,5-DICHLOROBENZOYL)AMINO]ACETATE METHYL 2-[(2,5-DICHLOROBENZOYL)AMINO]ACETATE 338965-44-9 C10H9Cl2NO3
Tazobactam Impurity LTE Tazobactam Impurity LTE
Isavuconazole Impurity 47 Isavuconazole Impurity 47
5,5'-((1R,1'R)-((5,6-diethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)azanediyl)bis(1-hydroxyethane-2,1-diyl))bis(8-(benzyloxy)quinolin-2(1H)-one) 5,5'-((1R,1'R)-((5,6-diethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)azanediyl)bis(1-hydroxyethane-2,1-diyl))bis(8-(benzyloxy)quinolin-2(1H)-one) 753498-27-0 C49H49N3O6
2-((6S,8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,17S)-11-hydroxy-6,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo- 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-2-oxoacetic acid 2-((6S,8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,17S)-11-hydroxy-6,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo- 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-2-oxoacetic acid
	Eltrombopag Impurity 37 Eltrombopag Impurity 37 350024-70-3 C14H18N2O
(S)-N-(2-(1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-((2-hydroxyethyl)sulfonyl)ethyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-4-yl)acetamide (S)-N-(2-(1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-((2-hydroxyethyl)sulfonyl)ethyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-4-yl)acetamide C23H26N2O8S
2-(4-(2-(4-(1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol 2-(4-(2-(4-(1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol C28H39N3O2
Tafluprost Impurity 20 Tafluprost Impurity 20
Rosuvastatin Impurity 149 Rosuvastatin Impurity 149
2-CHLOROMETHYL-5-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-[1,3,4]OXADIAZOLE 2-CHLOROMETHYL-5-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-[1,3,4]OXADIAZOLE 723286-98-4 C4H2ClF3N2O
Rifampicin Quinone Oxide Rifampicin Quinone Oxide
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