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Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a water insoluble colorless to pale yellow liquid that was developed in the 1940s to increase the effectiveness of various pesticides. It is currently registered as an active ingredient in more than 1500 products used for indoor or outdoor pesticides, including agricultural maintenance of some food crops.

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Piperonyl butoxide (PB) is a Light Yellow Liquid. It has no smell or a faint smell and a slightly bitter taste. It does not dissolve in water but can be dissolved in mineral oil and most organic solvents. It is stable to light, resistant to hydrolysis, and is not corrosive. In terms of toxicity, the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of a test population) is 7500mg/kg in rats when administered orally.

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Piperonyl butoxide is used as a synergist for pyrethrins and their synthetic analogues. It is typically added to carbamate, pyrethrin, pyrethroid, and rotenone pesticides to greatly enhance their potency. PBO alone does not have pesticidal properties.

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First, safrole is obtained from allyl chloride and methylenedioxybenzene. Then, piperonyl butoxide is produced by catalytic hydrogenation, chloromethylation, and etherification reactions.

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Pale yellow to light brown liquid with a mild odor and a faint bitter taste.

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Insoluble in water.

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Piperonyl butoxide can react with oxidizing materials.

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Piperonyl butoxide is combustible.

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Insecticide synergist: A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). Not listed for use in EU countries. Piperonyl butoxide is a synergist, i.e., not a pesticide itself, but enhances the properties of other chemicals. It is used with other pesticides such as pyrethrins, pyrethroids, rotenone and carbamates in food and non-food agricultural products, home and garden products, termite and mosquito products, and veterinary pesticide products. It inhibits the insect’s ability to break down an insecticide before it takes effect, thereby prolonging the action, and reduces the necessity for using a stronger formulation.

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Trade names have included Butoxide, Butacide, Butocide, and Pyrenone (mixture with allethrin).

Safety Profile

Poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Many glycol ether compounds have dangerous human reproductive effects, Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomDosition it emits PLATINOL 0 cis-PLATlNUM(II) DIAMMINE- DICHLORIDE

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PBO is rapidly degraded (half-life 8 h) in the environment by photolysis and is metabolized by soil microorganisms. Its estimated atmospheric half-life is approximately 3 h.

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Piperonyl butoxide is used primarily in admixture with pyrethrins and some of the pyrethroids to enhance and prolong their insecticidal action. Much of this use is in domestic and industrial situations. Metabolism studies were conducted soon after its discovery and first use in the 1950s and 1960s. The main impetus initially was to understand the mode of action as a synergist. When this was shown to be due to the inhibition of oxidative metabolism, further studies were conducted to address possible toxic interactions with other pesticides and drugs in man.
Piperonyl butoxide undergoes rapid photodegradation and microbial degradation in soil. It is also rapidly metabolised in insects and mammals by oxidative attack at the methylenedioxy carbon atom and in the side chain. A comprehensive review by Casida (1970) describes the chemistry, mode of action and metabolism of piperonyl butoxide and several related methylenedioxyphenyl compounds. Though published nearly 30 years ago, the review remains a very useful compilation of a large amount of information, supported by more than 300 references.

Toxicity evaluation

Piperonyl butoxide has low to very low toxicity in birds.Researchers consider piperonyl butoxide moderately toxic to fish，although it is unlikely to accumulate.Some aquatic invertebrates may be highly sensitive to this compound.
As a synergist, PBO inhibits mixed-function oxidases, including cytochrome P450, and resistance-associated esterases that allow insects to degrade an insecticide, allowing enhanced insecticide efficacy. It does not effectively act as a synergist in mammals.

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