| Identification | More | [Name]
CADMIUM | [CAS]
7440-43-9 | [Synonyms]
ci77180
Kadmium
CADMIUM
CD007200
CD000350
CD007940
CD000250
CD007925
CD000260
CD000021
CD000200
CD000272
CD000120
CD000280
CD000030
CD007920
CD005100
CD000270
CD005114
CD005110
CD000230
CD000300
CD000160
CD000239
CD005125
CD005130
CD005090
CD000261
CD000070
CD007900
CD005105
CD000240
CD000140
CD000232
CD000263
CD000251
CD000262
CD005127
c.i.77180
C.I. 77180
Cadmium rod
Cadmium-118
cadmium atom
Cadmiummossy
Cadmium shot
Cadmium wire
Cadmium foil
Cadmiumsticks
Cadmiumwiremm
CADMIUM METAL
CADMIUM POWDER
mmCadmium atom
CadmiumpiecesN
Cadmium pieces
Cadmium pwoder
Cadmium pellet
CADMIUM ANODES
99.9999%, SHOT
cadmiumdustfume
CadMiuM granules
CadMiuM solution
CadMiuM granular
CADMIUM STANDARD
PLATE COUNT OGYE
cadmiumdust(ascd)
Colloidal cadmium
CadmiumgranulesNmm
Cd Target 99.99%
CADMIUM POWDER, 5N
Cadmium foil1000mm
cadmiumelementaire
CadmiumpowderNmesh
Cadmiummetalsticks
ACETONE SAFE-BREAK
Cadmiumshot(99.95%)
CADMIUM AA STANDARD
METHANOL SAFE-BREAK
CADMIUM ICP STANDARD
cadmium (pyrophoric)
CADMIUM 99.95%, SHOT
Cadmiumpieces(99.9%)
Cadmiumpowder(99.9%)
CadmiumshotNteardrop
AQUANAL-PLUS CADMIUM
CADMIUM 99.999%, SHOT
Cadmium rod (99.999%)
Cadmium, mossy, 99.7%
Cadmium powder, 99.5%
CADMIUM GRANULES 99.9%
Cadmiumpowder(99.999%)
CADMIUM 99.99%-99.999%
CADMIUM, ROD, 99.9995%
CADMIUM, MOSSY, 99.9+%
CADMIUM INGOT 99.9999%
Cadmiumrodmmdiameterxmm
CADMIUM INGOT 99.99999%
CADMIUM: 99.9999%, SHOT
CADMIUM: 99.99%, POWDER
CADMIUM FOIL, 3N: 99.9%
cadmium for high purity
CADMIUM GRANULES 99.99%
Cadmium, sticks, 99.99%
Cadmium,Powder99.9%<60U
CADMIUM METAL GRANULARGR
CADMIUM POWDER, -60 MESH
CADMIUM ICP/DCP STANDARD
CADMIUM GRANULES 99.999%
CADMIUM, >=99% 5-20 MESH
Cadmiumstickcmdiameterxcm
CADMIUM GRANULES 99.9999%
CADMIUM PIECES: 3N, 99.9%
CADMIUM SHOT, 3N5: 99.95%
CADMIUM STANDARD SOLUTION
Cadmium solution 1000 ppm
CadmiumfoilNmmthickxmmwide
CADMIUMMETAL,MOSSY,REAGENT
CADMIUM GRANULES 99.99999%
CADMIUMMETAL,POWDER,REAGENT
CADMIUMMETAL,STICKS,REAGENT
Cadmium Shot, 3mm Tear Drop
Cadmium solution 10 000 ppm
CADMIUM ISO 9001：2015 REACH
Cadmium shot, 3mm (0.1 in.)
CADMIUM FOIL 99.9% THICK 1 MM
Cadmium(Metal)Granular99.9%Gr
Cadmium wire, 0.25mm, 99.998%
CADMIUM GRANULES: 5N, 99.999%
CADMIUM FOIL 99.9% THICK 3 MM
CADMIUM FOIL 99.9% THICK 0.1MM
Cadmium shot, 5cm (2 in.) dia.
CADMIUM METAL, REAGENT (Mossy)
CADMIUM, AAS STANDARD SOLUTION
Cadmium rod, 8mm (0.3 in.) dia.
cadmium coating quality balzers
Cadmium, 1 to 4mm for reductors
CADMIUM SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
CADMIUM METALLO-ORGANIC STANDARD
CADMIUM PLASMA EMISSION STANDARD
CADMIUM STANDARD SOLUTION 500 ML
CADMIUM STANDARD SOLUTION 100 ML
CADMIUM, GRANULATED, FREE OF IRON
CADMIUM, PLASMA STANDARD SOLUTION
Cadmium rod, 10mm (0.39 in.) dia.
CADMIUM, ICP STANDARD, 1000 UG/ML
CadMiuM granular, >=99%, 5-20 Mesh
CADMIUM METAL, 40-60 MESH, REAGENT
CADMIUM AA SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
CADMIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD
Cadmium, rod, 100mm x 8mm diameter
CADMIUM, ROD, 4.0MM DIAM., 99.999%
CADMIUM, ROD, 2.0MM DIAM., 99.999%
TRYPTONE SOYA BROTH (TSB) 10X200ML
Cadmium rod, 12.7mm (0.5 in.) dia.
Cadmium wire, 0.5mm (0.02 in.) dia.
Cadmium wire, 2.0mm (0.08 in.) dia.
CADMIUM, FOIL, 0.1MM THICK, 99.99+%
CADMIUM, WIRE, 0.5MM DIAM., 99.999%
CADMIUM, FOIL, 0.5MM THICK, 99.99+%
Cadmium, particle size 0.3 - 1.6 mm
Cadmium wire, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) dia.
Cadmium Shot, 3mm Tear Drop 99.999%
Cadmium granular, 30-80 mesh, >=99%
Cadmium foil, 0.5mm (0.02 in.) thick
Cadmium foil, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) thick
CADMIUM, STICK, 10MM THICK, 99.999+%
CADMIUM FOIL, 0.1MM THICK 99.9975% %
CADMIUM, FOIL, 0.25MM THICK, 99.99+%
CADMIUM, WIRE, 1.0MM DIAM., 99.9998%
CADMIUM, FOIL, 1.5MM THICK, 99.9998%
Cadmium wire, 0.3mm (0.013 in.) dia.
Cadmium foil, 2.0mm (0.08 in.) thick
CADMIUM, OIL BASED STANDARD SOLUTION
Cadmium foil, 0.25mm (0.01 in.) thick
Cadmium wire, 0.64mm (0.025 in.) dia.
CADMIUM COARSE POWDER, FOR ANALYSIS A
CADMIUM GRANULAR, FOR ANALYSIS PARTIC
Cadmium foil, 0.1mm (0.004 in.) thick
Cadmium foil, 0.05mm (0.002 in.) thick
CADMIUM, ORGANIC AAS STANDARD SOLUTION
CADMIUM SINGLE ELEMENT PLASMA STANDARD
Cadmium foil, 0.025mm (0.001 in.) thick
CADMIUM STICK, CA. 12.7MM THICK, 99.98%
cadmiumatomicabsorptionstandardsolution
Cadmium with its neorganic combinations
CADMIUM REAGENTPLUS(TM) GRANULES PA&
CADMIUM ICP STANDARD TRACEABLE TO SRM FR
Cadmium, shot, ~3mm, 99.999% metals basis
Cadmium and compounds, respirable (as Cd)
CadMiuM puruM p.a., for filling reductors
CADMIUM AA/ICP CALIBRATION/CHECK STANDARD
Cadmiumfoil99,9%,5mmthickness,300mmx750mm,
CADMIUM COATING QUALITY UMICORE STICKS 6 MM
AQUANAL(R)-PLUS CADMIUM (CD) CHECK SOLUTION
Cadmium, AAS standard solution, Cd 1000μg/mL
5N=99,999%and/or6N=99,9999%and/or7N=99,99999%
Cadmium, rod, 2.0mm diameter x 20mm, 99.9995%
Cadmium and compounds, dust and salts (as Cd)
CADMIUM PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
Cadmium, plasma standard solution, Cd 10μg/mL
Cadmium, powder, #100 mesh, 99.5% metals basis
AQUANAL(R)-plus cadmium (Cd) 0.02-1.2 mg/L
CADMIUM FOIL, 0.1MM X 25MM X 2000MM 99.9975% %
Cadmium Oil based standard solution, Cd 1000μg/g
CADMIUM, GRANULES, PARTICLE SIZE 30-80 MESH 99+%
Cadmium, Reference Standard Solution, 1000ppm ±1%
CALCIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
Cadmium, Oil based standard solution, Cd 5000μg/g
CADMIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
Cadmium standard solution, 1 mg/ml Cd in 0.5N HNO3
Cadmium, stick, 1.27cm diameter x 22.8cm, 99.999+%
Standard solution for the determination of cadmium
Cadmium rod, 12.7mm (0.5 in.) dia. x 23cm (9.0 in.)
Cadmium powder, -100 mesh, 99.5% trace metals basis
Cadmium foil, 1.0mm thick, 99.95% trace metals basis
Cadmium powder, -325 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis
Cadmium powder, -200 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis
Cadmium rod, diam. 4.0 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
99,95-99,995%,coarsepowder(grobesPulver)etwa0,3bis1,6mm
CADMIUM, PELLET, 6.35MM DIAM. X 6.35MM L ENGTH, 99.999%
Cadmium rod, 12.7mm (0.5in) dia, 99.99+% (metals basis)
Cadmium, plasma standard solution, Specpure, Cd 10g/ml
Cadmium, Cd±: epoxy body: single junction electrode: kit
Cadmium, Cd±: glass body: double junction electrode: kit
CadMiuM puruM p.a., for Metal reduction, 99.99%, granular
Cadmium, AAS standard solution, Specpure(R), Cd 1000μg/ml
Cadmium, plasma standard solution, Specpure, Cd 1000mug/ml
CADMIUM FOIL, 0.5MM (0.02IN) THICK, PURATRONIC, 99.9975% (M
Cadmium, powder, #325 mesh, ReagentPlus, 99.5% metals basis
CADMIUM FOIL, 0.25MM (0.01IN) THICK, PURATRONIC, 99.9975% (
CADMIUM FOIL, 2.0MM (0.08IN) THICK, PURATRONIC, 99.998% (ME
CADMIUM FOIL, 0.1MM (0.004IN) THICK, PURATRONIC, 99.9975% (
CADMIUM FOIL, 0.05MM (0.002IN) THICK, PURATRONIC, 99.999% (
Cadmium foil, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) thick, 15x15cm (5.9x5.9 in.)
Cadmium granules, 3-6mm (0.12-0.24in), 99.95% (metals basis) | [EINECS(EC#)]
231-152-8 | [Molecular Formula]
Cd | [MDL Number]
MFCD00010914 | [Molecular Weight]
112.41 | [MOL File]
7440-43-9.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Description]
Cadmium is a grey-white, soft, blue-white malleable, lustrous metal. It is insoluble in
cold water, hot water, methanol, diethyl ether, and n-octanol. It is stable and incompatible
with strong oxidising agents, nitrates, nitric acid, selenium, and zinc, and the powdered
metal may be pyrophoric and flammable. Cadmium is associated with occupations such
as industrial processes, metal plating, and production of nickel– cadmium batteries,
pigments, plastics, and other synthetics. Cadmium metal is produced as a by-product
from the extraction, smelting, and refining of the non-ferrous metals zinc, lead, and
copper. In view of the unique properties, cadmium metal and cadmium compounds are
used as pigments, stabilisers, coatings, specialty alloys, and electronic compounds. | [Definition]
Metallic element of atomic number 48, group IIB of
the periodic table.Valence 2. There are
eight stable isotopes.
| [Appearance]
Cadmium is a bluish-white metal. | [Melting point ]
321 °C | [Boiling point ]
765 °C(lit.)
| [density ]
8.65 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) | [vapor pressure ]
1.3 hPa (394 °C) | [storage temp. ]
>15°C- | [solubility ]
8.2mg/l insoluble | [form ]
wire
| [color ]
Silvery white | [Specific Gravity]
8.642 | [Flame Color]
Brick red | [Odor]
Odorless | [PH]
4.2 (20°C in H2O) | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, nitrates, nitric acid, selenium, zinc. Flammable. Powdered metal may be pyrophoric. | [Resistivity]
7.27 μΩ-cm, 22°C | [Water Solubility ]
insoluble H2O; reacts with dilute HNO3, slowly with hot HCl [MER06] | [Merck ]
13,1613 | [BRN ]
8137359 | [Exposure limits]
TLV-TWA 0.05 mg/m3 (for dusts and salts)
(ACGIH), 0.2 mg/m3 (MSHA), 0.1 mg/m3
(OSHA), lowest feasible level in air (NIOSH);
ceiling 0.3 mg/m3 (OSHA). | [History]
Cadmium was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate.
Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with
zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the
only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all
cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc,
copper, and lead ores. Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal which is
easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. It
is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used
in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great
resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating,
which accounts for about 60% of its use. Cadmium is also used in many
types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries,
and as a barrier to control atomic fission. The market for Ni-
Cd batteries is expected to grow significantly. Cadmium compounds
are used in black and white television phosphors and
in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a
number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide
is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its
compounds are toxic. Failure to appreciate the toxic properties
of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed
to dangerous fumes. Some silver solders, for example, contain
cadmium and should be handled with care. Serious toxicity
problems have been found from long-term exposure and work
with cadmium plating baths. Cadmium is present in certain
phosphate rocks. This has raised concerns that the long-term
use of certain phosphate fertilizers might pose a health hazard
from levels of cadmium that might enter the food chain. In
1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures
redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium
spectral line (i.e., 1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This
definition has been changed (see under Krypton). The current
price of cadmium is about 50￠/g (99.5%). It is available in
high purity form for about $550/kg. Natural cadmium is made
of eight isotopes. Thirty-four other isotopes and isomers are
now known and recognized. | [Uses]
A soft bluish metal, cadmium is extremely toxic, particularly in the compounds used for photography. It is found in zinc ores and in the mineral greenockite (CdS). | [CAS DataBase Reference]
7440-43-9(CAS DataBase Reference) | [IARC]
1 (Vol. 58, 100C) 2012 | [EPA Substance Registry System]
Cadmium (7440-43-9) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Chemical Properties]
Cadmium is a gray-white, soft, malleable, lustrous metal or a grayish-white powder. It
is insoluble in cold water, hot water, methanol, diethyl ether, and n-octanol. It is stable,
incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, nitrates, nitric acid, selenium, zinc, and the
powdered metal may be pyrophoric and flammable. Cadmium is associated with occupations such as industrial processes, metal plating, production of nickel-cadmium batteries,
pigments, plastics, and other synthetics. Cadmium metal is produced as a by-product from
the extraction, smelting, and refi ning of the non-ferrous metals zinc, lead, and copper. In
view of its unique properties, cadmium metal and cadmium compounds are used as pigments, stabilizers, coatings, specialty alloys, and as electronic compounds. | [General Description]
Silver-white blue tinged lustrous metallic solid. | [Reactivity Profile]
A violent explosion occurred 30 minutes after placement of a CADMIUM rod into hydrazoic acid [Mellor 8 Supp. 2:50 1967]. Fused ammonium nitrate with powdered metal often produces a violent explosive reaction. Reactivity similar to zinc. May be incompatible with oxidants. | [Air & Water Reactions]
The finely divided metal is pyrophoric. Slowly oxidized by moist air to form CADMIUM(7440-43-9) oxide. Insoluble in water. | [Hazard]
Flammable in powder form. Toxic by
inhalation of dust or fume. A carcinogen. Cad-
mium plating of food and beverage containers has
resulted in a number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis
(food poisoning). Soluble compounds of cadmium
are highly toxic; however, ingestion usually induces
a strong emetic action that minimizes the risk of
fatal poisoning. Use as fungicide may be restricted.
Kidney damage. Confirmed carcinogen.
| [Health Hazard]
Cadmium is hazardous in case of ingestion and inhalation, slightly hazardous in case
of skin contact, causing allergic reactions, irritant to the skin and eyes, and a sensitizer.
Human exposures to cadmium cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea,
increased salivation, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, headache, dizziness, cough, dyspnea,
chills (metal fume fever), alopecia, anemia, arthritis, cirrhosis of the liver, renal cortical
necrosis, and cardiomyopathy. Acute inhalation of cadmium causes nasopharyngeal irritation, chest pain, enlarged heart, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fi brosis, emphysema,
bronchiolitis, alveolitis, and renal cortical necrosis, particularly proximal tubule cell
necrosis. Prolonged period of exposure to high concentrations of cadmium causes adverse
effects to the skeletal system, arthritis, cardiovascular system/hypertension, and severe
over-exposure can result in death | [Potential Exposure]
Cadmium is a highly corrosion resistant and is used as a protective coating for iron, steel, and
copper; it is generally applied by electroplating, but hot
dipping and spraying are possible. Cadmium may be
alloyed with copper, nickel, gold, silver, bismuth, and aluminum to form easily fusible compounds. These alloys
may be used as coatings for other materials; welding electrodes, solders, etc. It is also utilized in electrodes of alkaline storage batteries, as a neutron absorber in nuclear
reactors, a stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride plastics, a deoxidizer in nickel plating; an amalgam in dentistry; in the
manufacture of fluorescent lamps, semiconductors,photocells, and jewelry, in process engraving, in the automobile and aircraft industries; and to charge Jones
reductors. Various cadmium compounds find use as fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, polymerization catalysts,
pigments, paints, and glass; they are used in the photographic industry and in glazes. Cadmium is also a contaminant of superphosphate fertilizers. Human exposure to
cadmium and certain cadmium compounds occurs through
inhalation and ingestion. The entire population is exposed
to low levels of cadmium in the diet because of the entry
of cadmium into the food chain as a result of its natural
occurrence. Tobacco smokers are exposed to an estimated
17 μg/cigarette. Cadmium is present in relatively low
amounts in the earth’s crust; as a component of zinc ores,
cadmium may be released into the environment around
smelters | [Fire Hazard]
Flammable in powder form. Combustible. | [First aid]
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency
medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim
ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way
valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and
isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact
with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact,
avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim
warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion,
or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that
medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved
and take precautions to protect themselves. Medical observation is recommended for 24 to 48 hours after breathing
overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed. As
first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor or authorized paramedic may consider administering a drug or other inhalation therapy. | [Shipping]
UN2570 Cadmium compounds, Hazard Class:
6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name
Required. | [Incompatibilities]
Air exposure with cadmium powder may
cause self-ignition. Moist air slowly oxidizes cadmium
forming cadmium oxide. Cadmium dust is incompatible
with strong oxidizers, ammonium nitrate; elemental sulfur;
hydrazoic acid; selenium, zinc, tellurium. Contact with
acids cause a violent reaction, forming flammable hydrogen
gas. | [Waste Disposal]
With cadmium compounds in
general, precipitation from solution as sulfides, drying and
return of the material to suppliers for recovery is recommended. Cadmium may be recovered from battery scrap as
an alternative to disposal. In accordance with
40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of
pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting
your local or federal environmental control agency, or by
contacting your regional EPA office. | [Physical properties]
Cadmium is a soft, blue-white metal that is malleable and ductile although it becomesbrittle at about 80°C. It is also found as a grayish-white powder. It is considered rare and isseldom found by itself as an ore. Its melting point at 320.9°C is considered low. Its boilingpoint is 765°C, and its density is 8.65 g/cm3. Certain alloys of cadmium have extremely lowmelting points at about 70°C. | [Isotopes]
There are 52 isotopes of cadmium. Forty-four are radioactive and artificiallyproduced, ranging from Cd-96 to Cd-131. Of these 52 isotopes, there are five stableisotopes plus three naturally occurring radioactive isotopes with extremely long half-livesthat are considered as contributing to the element’s natural occurrence in the Earth’scrust. The three naturally radioactive isotopes (Cd-106, Cd-113, and Cd-116) are thelongest known beta emitters. They are two million years older than when the solar systemwas formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The five stable isotopes and their proportionalcontributions to the element’s existence on Earth are as follows: Cd-108 = 0.89%,Cd-110 = 12.49%, Cd-111= 12.80%, Cd-112 = 24.13%, and Cd-114 = 28.73%. | [Origin of Name]
The word cadmium is from the Latin word cadmia or the Greek word
kadmeia, meaning the zinc oxide ore “calamine” that contains the element cadmium. | [Occurrence]
Cadmium is considered a rare element even though it is widely distributed over the Earth’scrust. Its estimated abundance in the Earth’s crust is 1.10-1 milligrams per kilogram. It is consideredthe 65th most abundant element, but it does not occur as a free metal in nature. It isusually found in relationship with other metallic ores. Its abundance is only about 1/1000ththat of zinc. It is found in an ore called greenockite, which is cadmium sulfite (CdS). This oredoes not have a high enough concentration of cadmium to be mined profitably. Cadmiumis found along with zinc, lead, and copper ores. Today, most cadmium is obtained as a byproductfrom the processing and refining of zinc ores. In addition, dust and fumes from roastingzinc ores are collected by an electrostatic precipitator and mixed with carbon (coke) andsodium or zinc chloride. This residue is then treated to recover the cadmium. Other refiningprocesses can obtain up to 40% recovery of cadmium from zinc ores.
Greenockite ore, as well as zinc and other ores, which produce cadmium as a by-product,are found in many countries, including Australia, Mexico, Peru, Zaire, Canada, Korea, andBelgium-Luxembourg and in the central and western United States. | [Characteristics]
Although cadmium is not considered a transition element in some periodic tables, it is thecentral element of the triad with zinc and mercury. Zinc is just above it and mercury is below itin group 12 of the periodic table. Cadmium’s chemical and physical properties are similar to itsgroup 12 mates. Their electronegativity is very similar: Zn = 1.6, Cd = 1.7, and Hg = 1.9.
Cadmium is resistant to alkalis, but is soluble in acids, mainly nitric acid. Although it isused to electroplate steel to prevent corrosion, it will tarnish in moist air. | [Preparation]
Cadmium often produces together with Zinc (Zn). The first output part is gathered at the distillation, using the lower boiling point of Cd than that of Zn. Redistillation purifies the material. The Czochralski and horizontal Stockbarger methods are used to grow a single crystal, after melting has taken place.
Thin films are deposited by vacuum evaporation using direct heating in a conical, basket-type heater made of chromel, Nb, Ta, W, Ni, or Fe, or in a Mo or Ta boat. External heating of an alumina crucible with a W heater is also possible. It is also possible to heat an iron crucible externally using a nichrome heater. The evaporation rate at 264 ℃ (sublimation) is 2.67×10-4 g/cm2 s.
| [Production Methods]
Two major processes are used for producing cadmium: (1) pyro-hydro-metallurgical and (2) electrolytic. Zinc blende is roasted to eliminate sulfur and to produce a zinc oxide calcine. The latter is the starting material for both processes. In the pyro-hydro-metallurgical process, the zinc oxide calcine is mixed with coal, pelletized, and sintered. This procedure removes volatile elements such as lead, arsenic, and the desired cadmium. From 92 94% of the cadmium is removed in this manner, the vapors being condensed and collected in an electrostatic precipitator. The fumes are leached in H2SO4 to which iron sulfate is added to control the arsenic content. The slurry then is oxidized, normally with sodium chlorate, after which it is neutralized with zinc oxide and filtered. The cake goes to a lead smelter, while the filtrate is charged with highpurity zinc dust to form zinc sulfate or zinc carbonate and cadmium sponge. The latter is briquetted to remove excess H2O and melted under caustic to remove any zinc. The molten metal then is treated with zinc ammonium chloride to remove thallium, after which it is cast into various cadmium metal shapes. The process just described is known as the melting under caustic process. In a distillation process, regular rather than high-purity zinc is used to make the sponge. Then, after washing and centrifuging to remove excess H2O, the sponge is charged to a retort. The heating and distillation process is under a reducing atmosphere. Lead and zinc present in the vapors contaminate about the last 15% of the distillate. Thus, a redistillation is required. The cadmium vapors produced are collected and handled as previously described. | [Purification Methods]
Any oxide contaminant is removed by filtering the molten metal, under vacuum, through quartz wool. Its solubility in Hg is 5.2% (18o), and it is soluble in mineral acids. [Wagenknecht & Juza in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol II p 1092 1965.] | [reaction suitability]
core: cadmium
reagent type: catalyst | [Industrial uses]
Cadmium (symbol Cd) is a silvery-white crystallinemetal that has a specific gravity of 8.6,is very ductile, and can be rolled or beaten intothin sheets. It resembles tin and gives the samecharacteristic cry when bent, but is harder thantin. A small addition of zinc makes it very brittle.It melts at 320°C and boils at 765°C. Cadmiumis employed as an alloying element insoft solders and in fusible alloys, for hardeningcopper, as a white corrosion-resistant platingmetal, and in its compounds for pigments andchemicals. It is also used for Ni–Cd batteriesand to shield against neutrons in atomic equipment;but gamma rays are emitted when theneutrons are absorbed, and these rays requirean additional shielding of lead.
Most of the consumption of cadmium is forelectroplating. For a corrosion-resistant coatingfor iron or steel a cadmium plate of 0.008 mmis equal in effect to a zinc coat of 0.025 mm.The plated metal has a silvery-white color witha bluish tinge, is denser than zinc, and harderthan tin, but electroplated coatings are subjectto H2 embrittlement, and aircraft parts are usuallycoated by the vacuum process. Cadmiumplating is not normally used on copper or brasssince copper is electronegative to it, but whenthese metals are employed next to cadmium-plated steel a plate of cadmium may beused on the copper to lessen deterioration. | [Carcinogenicity]
Cadmium and cadmium compounds are known to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, including epidemiological and mechanistic studies. Cadmium and cadmium compounds were first listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens in the First Annual Report on Carcinogens in 1980, based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. The listing was revised to known to be human carcinogens in the Ninth Report on Carcinogens in 2000. | [Environmental Fate]
Cadmium inhibits plasma membrane calcium channels and
Ca2t-ATPases. It also inhibits repair of DNA damaged by
various chemicals, an effect which is believed to be associated
with the induction of tumors. Although cadmium forms
a metallothionein, the preformed cadmium metallothionein is
nephrotoxic (toxic to the kidneys); it is suggested that effects
occur when, at some stage in the kidney, the cadmium is
dissociated from the metallothionein. In Itai-Itai disease (see
Human under Chronic Toxicity section), patients were found
to have chromosome abnormalities.
Cadmium has an affinity for sulfhydryl groups, and hence
can inhibit enzymes; however, cells treated with cadmium
showed proliferation of peroxisomes, which contain catalase,
an enzyme. It appears that cadmium at first inhibits catalase
activity and then, after a time, enhances that activity. In addition,
cadmium inhibits enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis
(the generation of glycogen for energy production from noncarbohydrate
precursors). It also inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
(energy production) and depresses trypsin inhibitor
capacity. | [Structure and conformation]
The space lattice of Cadmium belongs to the hexagonal system, and its closely-packed hexagonal lattice has lattice constants of a=0.2973 nm and c=0.5607 nm.
| [Toxicity evaluation]
As indicated in the Exposure and Exposure Monitoring section,
cadmium is widely distributed in the environment from
a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. Cadmium
emitted into the air is often found bound to small particulates
and can travel with these particulates over long distances. As
a result, cadmium can remain in the atmosphere for long
periods of time until it is deposited by gravitational settling or
in rain and snow. Cadmium tends to be more mobile in water
than other heavy metals although it will complex with humic
substances and can precipitate out under certain conditions.
Cadmium can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms; the degree
of accumulation is associated with the pH and humic content
of the water. It can also bioaccumulate in plants and in the
animals that feed on these plants; for example, cattle and
wildlife. However, terrestrial bioaccumulation is much lower
than that in water and cadmium concentrations at the top of
the terrestrial food chain are not much higher than those at the
lower end of the chain. | [Toxics Screening Level]
The initial risk screening level (IRSL) for cadmium is 0.0006 μg/m3 (annual averaging time) based on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) inhalation unit risk, 0.0018 per μg/m3 (EPA 1992, MDNR 1992). |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
T,N,T+,F,Xi | [Risk Statements ]
R45:May cause cancer.
R50/53:Very Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment .
R68:Possible risk of irreversible effects.
R63:Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.
R62:Possible risk of impaired fertility.
R48/23/25:Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed .
R26:Very Toxic by inhalation.
R17:Spontaneously flammable in air.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R20/21/22:Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed . | [Safety Statements ]
S53:Avoid exposure-obtain special instruction before use .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet .
S60:This material and/or its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste .
S43:In case of fire, use ... (indicate in the space the precise type of fire-fighting equipment. If water increases the risk add-Never use water) .
S7/8:Keep container tightly closed and dry .
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice . | [RIDADR ]
UN 3082 9/PG 3
| [WGK Germany ]
3
| [RTECS ]
EU9800000
| [TSCA ]
Yes | [HS Code ]
8107 20 00 | [HazardClass ]
8 | [PackingGroup ]
III | [storage]
Cadmium should be kept stored in a tightly closed container in a cool place. It should be
kept stored in a separate locked safety storage cabinet | [Precautions]
On exposures to cadmium, wash the skin immediately with plenty of water and a nonabrasive soap. Workers should cover the exposed skin with an emollient. | [Safety Profile]
Confirmed human
carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic,
tumorigenic, and neoplastigenic data. A
human poison by inhalation and possibly
other routes. Poison experimentally by
ingestion, inhalation, intraperitoneal, | [Hazardous Substances Data]
7440-43-9(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
A metal that is used for electroplating and in batteries,
as a color pigment for paints and as a stabilizer in plastics.
The oral LD50 in rats is about 0.88 mg/kg and the LC50 in fathead
minnows is about 3.06 mg/L. Cadmium is a nephrotoxicant
and hepatotoxicant, probably acting by displacement and
substitution of essential metals in proteins and enzymes. In
humans acute poisoning can cause nausea and vomiting, diarrhea,
headache, muscular aches, salivation, abdominal pain,
and shock. In acute poisoning, unabsorbed cadmium is
removed by catharsis. | [IDLA]
9 mg Cd/m3 |
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