| Identification | More | [Name]
Pentane | [CAS]
109-66-0 | [Synonyms]
ALKANE C5
NORMAL PENTANE
N-PENTAN
N-PENTANE
PENTANE
PENTANE-195
PENTANE FRACTION
PETANE
PETROLEUM SPIRIT 30/40
Amyl hydride
amylhydride
n-C5H12
Pentan
pentan(polish)
pentane(non-specificname)
Pentanen
Pentanen-pentane
Pentani
Skellysolve A
skellysolvea | [EINECS(EC#)]
203-692-4 | [Molecular Formula]
C5H12 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00009498 | [Molecular Weight]
72.15 | [MOL File]
109-66-0.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
Pentane is a colorless liquid. Gas above 36C.
Gasoline-like odor. | [Melting point ]
-130 °C | [Boiling point ]
36 °C | [density ]
0.626 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
| [vapor density ]
2.48 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
26.98 psi ( 55 °C)
| [refractive index ]
n20/D 1.358
| [Fp ]
−57 °F
| [storage temp. ]
2-8°C | [solubility ]
ethanol: soluble(lit.) | [form ]
Liquid | [pka]
>14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) | [color ]
Colorless | [Specific Gravity]
0.63 | [Odor]
Like a gasoline. | [Relative polarity]
0.009 | [explosive limit]
1.4-8%(V) | [Odor Threshold]
1.4ppm | [Water Solubility ]
insoluble | [λmax]
λ: 200 nm Amax: ≤0.70
λ: 210 nm Amax: ≤0.20
λ: 220 nm Amax: ≤0.07
λ: 230 nm Amax: ≤0.02
λ: 250 nm Amax: ≤0.004 | [Merck ]
14,7116 | [BRN ]
969132 | [Henry's Law Constant]
1.20 at 25 °C (J?nsson et al., 1982) | [Dielectric constant]
1.8（20℃） | [Exposure limits]
TLV-TWA 600 ppm (～1800 mg/m3)
(ACGIH), 1000 ppm (～3000 mg/m3)
(OSHA), 500 ppm (～1500 mg/m3) (MSHA);
STEL 750 ppm (～2250 mg/m3) (ACGIH). | [InChIKey]
OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [LogP]
3.390 | [CAS DataBase Reference]
109-66-0(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Pentane(109-66-0) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
109-66-0(EPA Substance) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Chemical Properties]
n-Pentane is a flammable liquid. It has applications in industry as an aerosol propellant
and as an important component of engine fuel. N-propane is a CNS depressant. Studies
with dogs have indicated that it induces cardiac sensitization. In high concentrations it
causes incoordination and inhibition of the righting refl exes. | [General Description]
A clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Flash point 57°F. Boiling point 97°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors are heavier than air. | [Reactivity Profile]
N-PENTANE(109-66-0) is incompatible with strong oxidizers. N-PENTANE(109-66-0) is also incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, and oxygen. Mixtures with chlorine gas have produced explosions. N-PENTANE(109-66-0) will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. . | [Air & Water Reactions]
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water. | [Health Hazard]
Low toxicity. Very high vapor concentrations produce narcosis. Aspiration into lungs can produce chemical pneumonitis and/or pulmonary edema. | [Potential Exposure]
Pentane is used in manufacture of ice,
low-temperature thermometers; in solvent extraction
processes; as a blowing agent in plastics; as a fuel; as a
chemical intermediate (for amylchlorides, e.g.). | [Fire Hazard]
Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode | [First aid]
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any
contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek
medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the
skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately
with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately.
If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure,
begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions,
including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and
CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a
medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed,
get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and
induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person
vomit. | [Shipping]
UN1265 Pentanes Hazard Class: 3; Labels:
3-Flammable liquid. | [Incompatibilities]
Vapors may form explosive mixture with
air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides,
permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine,
etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep
away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids,
oxoacids, epoxides. Attacks some plastics, rubbers, and
coatings. | [Waste Disposal]
Dissolve or mix the
material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical
incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.
All federal, state, and local environmental regulations
must be observed. | [Physical properties]
Clear, colorless, volatile liquid with an odor resembling gasoline. An odor threshold concentration
of 1.4 ppmv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990). | [Uses]
Fuel; solvent; chemical synthesis | [Uses]
n-Pentane is a flammable liquid. It has diverse uses in industry—for instance, as an aerosol propellant and as an important component of engine fuel. n-Pentane is a CNS depressant. Laboratory studies in dogs indicate that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of n-pentane induces cardiac sensitization, poor coordination, and inhibition of the righting reflexes. NIOSH has recommended limits of n-pentane for working areas. | [Uses]
n-Pentane occurs in volatile petroleum fractions(gasoline) and as a constituent ofpetroleum ether. It is used as a solvent, in themanufacture of low-temperature thermometers,and as a blowing agent for plastics. | [Definition]
A straightchain
alkane obtained by distillation of
crude oil. | [Definition]
pentane: A straight-chain alkanehydrocarbon, C5H12; r.d. 0.63; m.p.–129.7°C; b.p. 36.1°C. It is obtainedby distillation of petroleum. | [Production Methods]
Pentane is produced by fractional distillation of natural gas
liquids and crude oil. It is also produced by the catalytic
crackdown of naphtha. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Extremelyflammable | [Chemical Reactivity]
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent. | [Source]
Schauer et al. (1999) reported pentane in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at
an emission rate of 1,860 μg/km.
A constituent in gasoline. Harley et al. (2000) analyzed the headspace vapors of three grades of
unleaded gasoline where ethanol was added to replace methyl tert-butyl ether. The gasoline vapor
concentrations of pentane in the headspace were 14.2 wt % for regular grade, 12.6 wt % for midgrade,
and 9.3 wt % for premium grade.
California Phase II reformulated gasoline contained pentane at a concentration of 27.6 g/kg.
Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from gasoline-powered automobiles with and without catalytic
converters were 4.29 and 536 mg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002).
Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds
from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission
rate of pentane was 4.7 mg/kg of pine burned. Emission rates of pentane were not measured during
the combustion of oak and eucalyptus. | [Environmental Fate]
Biological. n-Pentane may biodegrade in two ways. The first is the formation of pentyl
hydroperoxide, which decomposes to 1-pentanol followed by oxidation to pentanoic acid. The
other pathway involves dehydrogenation to 1-pentene, which may react with water giving 1-
pentanol (Dugan, 1972). Microorganisms can oxidize alkanes under aerobic conditions (Singer
and Finnerty, 1984). The most common degradative pathway involves the oxidation of the
terminal methyl group forming 1-pentanol. The alcohol may undergo a series of dehydrogenation
steps forming an aldehyde (valeraldehyde) then a fatty acid (valeric acid). The fatty acid may then
be metabolized by β-oxidation to form the mineralization products, carbon dioxide and water
(Singer and Finnerty, 1984). Mycobacterium smegnatis was capable of degrading pentane to 2-
pentanone (Riser-Roberts, 1992).
Photolytic. When synthetic air containing gaseous nitrous acid and pentane was exposed to
artificial sunlight (λ = 300–450 nm) methyl nitrate, pentyl nitrate, peroxyacetal nitrate, and
peroxypropionyl nitrate formed as products (Cox et al., 1980).
Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air yields carbon dioxide and water. Pentane will
not hydrolyze because it does not contain a hydrolyzable functional group. | [Purification Methods]
Stir the pentane with successive portions of conc H2SO4 until there is no further coloration during 12hours, then with 0.5N KMnO4 in 3M H2SO4 for 12hours, wash with water and aqueous NaHCO3. Dry it with MgSO4 or Na2SO4, then P2O5 and fractionally distil it through a column packed with glass helices. It is also purified by passage through a column of silica gel, followed by distillation and storage with sodium hydride. An alternative purification is by azeotropic distillation with MeOH, which is subsequently washed out from the distillate (using water), followed by drying and re-distilling. For removal of carbonyl-containing impurities, see n-heptane. Also purify it by fractional freezing (ca 40%) on a copper coil through which cold air is passed, then wash with conc H2SO4 and fractionally distil it. [Beilstein 1 IV 303.] | [Toxicity evaluation]
The mechanism of toxicity is suspected to be similar to other
solvents that rapidly induce anesthesia-like effects, that is
a ‘nonspecific narcosis’ due to disruption (solvation) of the
integrity of the cellular membranes of the central nervous
system. The effect is similar to the ‘high’ experienced upon
exposure to other aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents.
As seen with other short-chain alkanes, upon inhalation,
pentane is moderately toxic and may cause irritation of the
respiratory tract and narcosis. The narcotic action of pentane
(observed following 1-h exposure to 90 000–120 000 ppm) is,
however, much less pronounced than effects seen following
exposure to the C1–C4 alkanes. Although the actual biochemical
mechanismof toxicity has not been discerned, the narcotic effects
seen are most likely related to its physical solvent properties. |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
F+,Xn,N,F | [Risk Statements ]
R12:Extremely Flammable.
R51/53:Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment .
R65:Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed.
R66:Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.
R67:Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness. | [Safety Statements ]
S9:Keep container in a well-ventilated place .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking .
S29:Do not empty into drains .
S33:Take precautionary measures against static discharges .
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet .
S62:If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label . | [RIDADR ]
UN 1265 3/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
2
| [RTECS ]
RZ9450000
| [F ]
3-10 | [Autoignition Temperature]
500 °F | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
3 | [PackingGroup ]
II | [HS Code ]
29011090 | [Safety Profile]
Moderately toxic by inhalation and intravenous routes. Narcotic in high concentration. The liquid can cause blisters on contact. Flammable liquid. Highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. Severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Shock can shatter metal containers and release contents. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes | [Hazardous Substances Data]
109-66-0(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LC (in air) in mice: 377 mg/l (Fühner) | [IDLA]
1,500 ppm [10% LEL] |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Preparation Products]
1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANECARBONITRILE-->2-AMINOPENT-4-YNENITRILE-->ETHYL 1-TERT-BUTYL-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOLE-4-CARBOXYLATE-->4-BROMO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-1-PHENYL-1H-PYRAZOLE-->2,2,4,6,7-Pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl chloride-->1-TERT-BUTYL-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOLE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID-->tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride-->Bis(pinacolato)diboron-->2-Bromo-5-hydroxypyridine radical ion(1+)-->2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride-->Di-tert-butylchlorophosphane-->5-METHOXY-QUINAZOLIN-4-YLAMINE-->TERT-BUTYL 4-FORMYLPYRIDIN-3-YLCARBAMATE-->1-Heptanol-->1-Bromo-4-methoxybutane-->EUROPIUM D-3-TRIFLUOROACETYLCAMPHORATE-->1-TERT-BUTYL-4-BROMO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOLE-->(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ACETIC ACID-->4-BROMO-1-METHYL-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOLE-->3-TRIFLUOROACETYL-D-CAMPHOR-->HEPTENOPHOS-->Fexofenadine-->4,6-DIHYDROXY-5-METHYLPYRIMIDINE-->2-METHOXYPHENOXYACETIC ACID-->Cyclopentane-->2-Methylbutane-->Ketamine hydrochloride-->Cyclobutanol-->4-Benzyloxybenzeneboronic acid-->1-Cyclopentenecarboxylic acid-->2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid-->3-Aminopyridazine hydrochloride-->ORNOPROSTIL-->(S)-2-Methylproline-->3,6,9,12-tetraoxahexadecan-1-ol-->2-Amino-5-nitropyrimidine-->1,4-Dibromopentane-->DI-TERT-BUTYLDICHLOROSILANE-->Cefepime-->CHLOROMETHYL METHYL SULFIDE |
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