Bicine
It is a zwitterionic buffer, which forms strong complexes with many common metals; therefore, the stability constant should be considered when choosing this buffer. It can be used for protein crystallization solutions and as a phase buffer and eluent in mobile cation exchange chromatography.
MES
Used in solutions containing metal ions, because it will not form complexes with most metals. MES is usually used in buffered media for yeast, bacteria and mammalian cells, but it is toxic to plants at a concentration higher than 10 mM. MES is also a good buffer choice in various chromatography and electrophoresis experiments because it shows lower ion mobility and conductivity. It is an effective buffer in the pH range of 5.5 to 6.7.
MOPS
It is commonly used as a culture medium for bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. It is commonly used in cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis and protein purification. MOPS is considered to be an excellent buffer gel for separating RNA in agarose, due to the difference between the high resolution separation that occurs and the lack of interaction between MOPS and the RNase inhibitor DEPC. It is also regarded as a running buffer for use in SDS-PAGE.
MOPSO
It lacks the ability to form complexes with most metal ions, and is generally used as a non-coordinating buffer in metal ion solutions. It is used as the carrier electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis and the crystallization buffer of glutathione synthase; used in fluorescence spectroscopy, spectrophotometry and isothermal titration calorimetry; and the peptide backbone of bovine serum albumin (BSA) Interaction to prevent thermal denaturation of BSA; used as a component of buffering charcoal yeast extract culture medium; used as a buffer system for measuring by-products of biological treatment of marine crude oil.
PIPES
It is actually insoluble in water, but if the free acid increases the solubility of PIPES, NaOH is used to convert it to sodium salt. It lacks the ability to form important complexes with most metal ions, and is generally used as a non-coordinating buffer in metal ion solutions. This buffer can form free radicals, so it is not suitable for redox reactions. Although PIPES can be used as a buffer in cation exchange chromatography, it should be dependent on pKa due to relatively large ionic strength and concentration. PIPES is considered to be an excellent fixation buffer for electron microscopy of plant cells.
HEPES
It can control a constant pH range for a long time. The low concentration of HEPES has no toxic effect on cells. It is often used in cell culture. For example, HEPES can be added to the culture medium or virus preservation solution of various bacteria and fungi to maintain cells, bacteria, The pH environment required by the virus. In addition, it can interfere with the reaction between DNA and restriction enzymes, but the degree is lower than similar buffers with fewer substituted amine groups. This lack of interference occurs mainly due to the steric hindrance of the protonated tertiary amine. HEPES allows the negative charge with DNA to be weaker than most.
HEPPSO
HEPPSO has been used as a crystallization buffer enzyme for glycogen synthase and an enzyme complexed with HEPPSO. HEPPSO is almost non-toxic to the indicator species Daphniamagna, so it is considered suitable for toxicology studies. This buffer can form free radicals, so it is not suitable for redox reactions. HEPPSO forms a complex with Cu2+ ions; therefore, the stability constant and concentration should be taken into account when using this buffer in a solution containing copper ions. Although HEPPSO binds to copper ions, it is still suitable for bicinchoninic acid.
TAPS
As a commonly used buffer system in DNA screening systems, it can also be used as a buffer component of RNA samples; it is suitable for electron transport and phosphorylation studies of chloroplast thin-layer preparation; it can be used as a background electrolyte for capillary zone electrophoresis for protein microanalysis ; It can maintain the pH value of the reaction system. Commonly used in some biochemical diagnostic kits, PCR diagnostic kits and DNA/RNA extraction kits.